Wittgenstein’s Tractatus without paradox: propositions as pictures

Authors

  • Oskari Kuusela University of East Anglia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7213/1980-5934.34.063.DS06

Keywords:

Paradox, Meaning, Propositions, Wittgenstein.

Abstract

This article proposes an interpretation of Wittgenstein’s so-called picture theory of propositions that forgoes the attribution of unsayable truths or theses to the Tractatus. Consequently, the interpretation avoids describing the Tractatus as entangled in a paradox of nonsensical theses. Rather, I argue, the proper expression for Wittgenstein’s logical insights is a logical symbolism into whose structure they are encoded. This also applies to his account of propositions as pictures. Its purpose is to clarify the principles governing a correct logical language that makes perspicuous how symbols symbolize, and is expressive of what Wittgenstein calls ‘the correct logical conception’.

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Author Biography

Oskari Kuusela, University of East Anglia

I knew already at school that I wanted to study philosophy. To get in the University of Helsinki I more or less learned by heart the entry examination book. At the University I developed an interest, first, in the philosophy of science and then philosophy of mind. (I studied cognitive science as a minor subject.) Towards the end of my studies I got interested in Wittgenstein, originally because he seemed to have something helpful to say about the philosophy of mind. During those days I also participated in several reading groups that were formed by students. That way I came to read Kant, Heidegger, Freud and Aristotle.

            Having completed my MA in early 1996 I took a job in secondary education where I taught mainly philosophy and psychology. (My oldest daughter was born around the same time.) Simultaneously, I started attempts to obtain funding for my PhD. Eventually I succeeded and commenced working in early 1997 on a PhD on Wittgenstein and the foundations of cognitive science. I soon realised, however, that already Wittgenstein was plenty for one PhD. I decided to focus on his conception of philosophy, and sought to explain what I thought was problematic in the interpretation of Wittgenstein as a transcendental philosopher, popular in Helsinki at the time. Though I didn’t originally intend to do the degree of a Licentiate in Philosophy, I ended up submitting this stuff as a dissertation for the Licentiate degree in 1999. That done, I travelled with my family to Oxford where I’d been accepted to study as a Visiting Student for one year. I arrived in the gown town with my then 6 month old son sleeping in my arms on the bus.

            At St. John’s College I discovered that I had got lucky. Due to their disagreements Gordon Baker and Peter Hacker had stopped collaborating on Wittgenstein. But this situation was ideal for a student who was able to talk to both of them. With Baker I could discuss my ideas on Wittgenstein which almost everybody prior to this had thought couldn’t be right. Hacker, in turn, gave me detailed criticisms that really helped me to improve my arguments. Soon I started making arrangements for prolonging my stay and eventually ended up completing my DPhil in Oxford in 2003. This was an eventful period that included Baker’s untimely death.

            After my DPhil I returned to Helsinki where my bank account was mostly empty. I got a half-time job as a research assistant at the Department of Philosophy where I also did some teaching. Later on I managed to obtain a little funding for postdoctoral research on ethics and Wittgenstein. The funding wasn’t enough, however, and I again had to apply for pretty much everything that could be applied for. This led to my appointment in visiting positions at the Wittgenstein Archives in Bergen, Norway and at the University of Chicago as a Fulbright Junior Scholar. Having got back from the States and after another summer of poverty I received a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Academy of Finland for a project in meta-ethics. This position I held until taking up my current post at the UEA. Those two years (till September 2007) I spent engaged in research in Oxford and Athens. My youngest daughter was born in Athens.

References

Anscombe, G.E.M. An Introduction to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus, South Bend, IN: St. Augustine’s Press, 1971.

Conant, James. ‘The Method of the Tractatus.’ In Reck, E. H. ed. From Frege to Wittgenstein, Perspectives on Early Analytic Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Conant, James and Bronzo, Silver. ‘The Resolute Readings of the Tractatus.’ In Glock, H.-J. and Hyman, J. eds. A Companion to Wittgenstein, Oxford: Blackwell, 2017.

Conant, James and Diamond, Cora. ‘On Reading the Tractatus Resolutely: Reply to Meredith Williams and Peter Sullivan.’ In Kölbel M. and Weiss B. eds., Wittgenstein’s Lasting Significance, London: Routledge, 2004.

Diamond, Cora. The Realistic Spirit, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1991.

Diamond, Cora. “Commentary on José Zalabardo’s ‘The Tractatus on Unity.’” Australasian Philosophical Review, 2:3, 2014: 272-284.

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Goldfarb, Warren. ‘Metaphysics and Nonsense: on Cora Diamond’s The Realistic Spirit.’ Journal of Philosophical Research, XXII, 1997: 57-73.

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Hacker, P.M.S. “Was He Trying to Whistle It?” In Wittgenstein: Connections and Controversies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Kuusela, Oskari. The Struggle Against Dogmatism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.

Kuusela, Oskari. ‘The Dialectic of Interpretations: Reading Wittgenstein’s Tractatus’. In Lavery, M. and Read, R. eds., Beyond the Tractatus Wars, London: Routledge.

Kuusela, Oskari. ‘On Wittgenstein’s and Carnap’s Conceptions of the Dissolution of Philosophical Problems, and against a Therapeutic Mix: How to Solve the Paradox of the Tractatus’. Philosophical Investigations, 42: 3, 2019a: 213-240.

Kuusela, Oskari. Wittgenstein on Logic as the Method of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019b.

Kuusela, Oskari. ‘Wittgenstein’s Distinction Between Saying and Showing’. In Georgallides, A. ed., Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars, 2021a.

Kuusela, Oskari. ‘Wittgenstein’s Grundgedanke as the Key to the Tractatus’. Teorema, XL: 2, 2021b: 83-99.

Kuusela, Oskari. ‘Dissolution of Philosophical Problems and the Transformation of Thinking.’ In Lucilla Guidi ed., Wittgensteinian Exercises. Aesthetic and Ethical Transformations, Leiden: Fink-Brill, forthcoming.

Read, Rupert and Hutchinson, Phil. ‘Therapy.’ In Jolley, K.D. ed., Wittgenstein: Key Concepts. Durham: Acumen, 2010.

Read, Rupert and Deans, Rob. ‘The Possibility of a Resolutely Resolute Reading of the Tractatus.’ In Read, R. and Lavery, M. eds. Beyond the Tractatus Wars, London: Routledge, 2011.

Ricketts, Thomas. ‘Pictures, Logic, and the Limits of Sense in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus.’ In Sluga, H. and Stern D. eds., Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Stenius, Erik. Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. Oxford: Blackwell, 1960.

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Translated by Ogden, C.K./ McGuinnes, B. & Pears D.F. London: Routledge, 1951/1974.

Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Notebooks 1914-1916. Oxford: Blackwell, 1979.

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Published

2022-12-07

How to Cite

Kuusela, O. (2022). Wittgenstein’s Tractatus without paradox: propositions as pictures. Revista De Filosofia Aurora, 34(63). https://doi.org/10.7213/1980-5934.34.063.DS06

Issue

Vol. 34 No. 63 (2022): WITTGENSTEIN - The Tractatus after 100 years

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