O Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC e a alternativa da arbitragem interina do MPIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7213/revdireconsoc.v15i3.30099Palabras clave:
Organização Mundial do Comércio; sistema de solução de controvérsias; segurança nacional; mecanismo interino de apelação; arbitragem; jurisprudência.Resumen
O Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC, criado em 1994, consiste em uma estrutura a garantir decisões baseadas em fundamentos jurídicos e dotada do consenso inverso a assegurar o cumprimento de suas disposições. Com o impasse criado pelos Estados Unidos a partir de 2015, pela discordância nas decisões do Órgão de Apelação, sendo efetivamente bloqueado em dezembro de 2019. Essa realidade gerou um conjunto de casos inoperantes, em que os membros da OMC passaram a “apelar ao vazio” e, assim, descumprir com as regras da OMC. Frente à situação de inoperância do sistema multilateral do comércio, um conjunto de membros da OMC aprovaram a criação de um mecanismo alternativo a proporcionar decisões de segunda instância, conhecido como o mecanismo interino de apelação (Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement - MPIA). Criado em 2020, encontra-se o caso DS591 entre a Colômbia e a União Europeia. O mecanismo alternativo do MPIA, apesar de recente, permite debater sobre a eventual fragmentação da jurisprudência da OMC, uma vez que somente 25 membros aderiram à iniciativa. Além disso, frente à reticente posição dos Estados Unidos em manter o bloqueio do Órgão de Apelação e assegurar seu protecionismo baseado na alegação de segurança nacional, o sistema de comércio multilateral tende a se fragmentar em um conjunto de regras plurilaterais e regionais, assemelhando-se ao sistema internacional de proteção do investimento, composto por regras bilaterais e regionais.
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WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. DS578. Morocco — Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on School Exercise Books from Tunisia. Communication from Tunisia. August 18th, 2021d. Disponível em: <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/578-6.pdf&Open=True>. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2023.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. DS562. United States — Safeguard Measure on Imports of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products. Notification of an appeal by China. September 20th, 2021e. Disponível em: <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/562-12.pdf&Open=True>. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2023.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. DS579. India — Measures Concerning Sugar and Sugarcane. Notification of an appeal by India. January 11th, 2022e. Disponível em: <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/579-10.pdf&Open=True>. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2023.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. DS544: United States - Certain Measures on Steel and Aluminium Products. WT/DS544/R. Report of Painel, December 9th, 2022f. Disponível em: <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/544R.pdf&Open=True>. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2023.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. DS597: United States - Originin Marketing Requirement. WT/DS597/R. Report of Painel, December 21st, 2022g. Disponível em: <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/597R.pdf&Open=True>. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2023.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. DS512: Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit. WT/DS512/R. Report of Painel, April 5th, 2019h. Disponível em: <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/512R.pdf&Open=True>. Acesso em: 18 fev. 2023.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. DS567: Saudi Arabia - Measures Concerning the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights. WT/DS567/R. Report of Painel, June 16th, 2020f. Disponível em: <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/567R.pdf&Open=True>. Acesso em: 18 fev. 2023.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. DS552: United States - Certain Measures on Steel and Aluminium Products. WT/DS552/R. Report of Painel, December 9th, 2022h. Disponível em: <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/552R.pdf&Open=True>. Acesso em: 19 fev. 2023.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. DS556: United States - Certain Measures on Steel and Aluminium Products. WT/DS556/R. Report of Painel, December 9th, 2022i. Disponível em: <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/556R.pdf&Open=True>. Acesso em: 19 fev. 2023.
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WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. DS583. Turkey - Certain Measures concerning the Production, Importation and Marketing of Pharmaceutical Products. WT/DS583/ARB25. July 25th, 2022l. Disponível em: <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/583ARB25.pdf&Open=True>. Acesso em: 19 fev. 2023.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. DS591. Colombia — Anti-Dumping Duties on Frozen Fries from Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. WT/DS591/ARB25. December 21st, 2022m. Disponível em: <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/DS/591ARB25.pdf&Open=True>. Acesso em: 19 fev. 2023.
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