The Dawn of Sebastianism: the Prophetic Sources of Encuberto

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1590/2965-1557.036.e202430161

Abstract

The doctrinal origin of Sebastianism is often ascribed entirely within Portuguese popular culture. It is believed that D. João de Castro, inventor of the legend of the revived king, would have remodeled the figure of the Encuberto by taking it from the Trovas by Bandarra, a shoemaker from Trancoso. In fact, the rhetoric of the Encuberto was widespread in the Iberian Peninsula long before the Trovas. D. João himself points out two other “announcements”, in the Vespertilio prophesied by Arnald of Villanova, and in the Sol obscuratus of the Oracle of Cyrill. More generally, this article intends to contribute to the knowledge of the vast prophetic and messianic library of D. João, and thus to show that the legend of D. Sebastião was born and developed at the confluence of multiple traditions circulating in Western Europe starting from the early Middle Ages.

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Author Biography

Gian Luca Potestà, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Milan

Gian Luca Potestà is full professor of History of Christianity (2004) at the Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Milan. Formerly full professor of History of Christianity (Palermo State University 2001-2004), associate professor of Medieval History (Palermo State University 1998-2001). Chair of the Department of Religious Studies at the Università Cattolica (2006-2018).

Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation (at the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Munich 1990-1992), Guest Professor of Medieval History at the University of Konstanz (1996, 2000) and at the Theological Faculty of Sicily (Palermo 2001-2005), Directeur d'études invité at the École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (Paris 2007), Senior Fellow at the Historisches Kolleg (Munich 2008-2009), Senior Fellow at the International Consortium for Research in the Humanities (Univ. Erlangen 2014), Corresponding Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America (since 2021).

He has been invited to give lectures and seminars at universities and other academic institutions in Italy, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, United States, Switzerland, Vatican City.

Member of the International Committee for the Critical Edition of the Opera omnia by Joachim of Fiore. Director of the Scientific Committee of the Centro Internazionale di Studi Gioachimiti, Editor of the review “Aevum. Rassegna di scienze storiche linguistiche e filologiche” and of the series Dies Nova. Fonti e studi per la storia del profetismo (Vita e Pensiero). Coeditor of “Rivista di Storia del Cristianesimo”, member of the Editorial Office of the reviews “Annali di Scienze Religiose” and “Oliviana. Mouvements et dissidences spirituels XIIIe-XIVe siècles”, past member of the Advisory Board, International Consortium for Research in the Humanities (Univ. Erlangen).

At the beginning, his research concerned biographies and doctrinal aspects of the Franciscan Spirituals and Fraticelli in the first decades of the XIV Century. The volumes Storia ed escatologia in Ubertino da Casale (Vita e Pensiero, 1980) and Angelo Clareno dai poveri eremiti ai fraticelli (Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo, 1990), as well the critical edition of the Ubertino’s Tractatus de altissima paupertate Christi et apostolorum eius (“Oliviana” 4, 2012) are all concerned with this field. From the beginning of the Nineties, he has analyzed Joachim of Fiore’s work as well as prophetic and apocalyptical figures and movements linked to his doctrinal legacy. Within the framework of Joachim’s Opera omnia he published his Dialogi (1995) and Scripta breviora (Co-author, 2014) and a comprehensive biography (Il tempo dell’Apocalisse. Vita di Gioacchino da Fiore, Laterza, 2004; Spanish transl. Trotta, 2010). The apocalypticism presents some connections and intersections with expectations concerning messianic sovereigns (as the Last World Emperor and the Angelic Pope) and antimessianic figures. The volumes Profezie illustrate gioachimite alla corte degli Estensi, Modena (Co-author, Panini 2010) and L’ultimo messia. Profezia e sovranità nel medioevo (il Mulino 2014; Czech transl. Argo, 2017; French transl. Les Belles Lettres, 2018) and the collection of Greek and Latin sources, translated and with commentary, on L’Anticristo (3 voll., Co-author, Fondazione Valla – Mondadori 2005-2019) are linked to this area of his research. At the intersection of these interests, the volume Dante in conclave. La Lettera ai cardinali (Vita e Pensiero, 2021) examines Dante’s letter to the cardinals of 1314, which is an important source for the history of the Roman Church from the abdication of pope Celestin V to the first decade of the Avignon Papacy.

He was awarded the annual prize for “High Quality Publications” (2017, 2018, 2020) established by the Università Cattolica.

Published

2024-02-15

How to Cite

Potestà, G. L. (2024). The Dawn of Sebastianism: the Prophetic Sources of Encuberto. Revista De Filosofia Aurora, 36, e202430161. https://doi.org/10.1590/2965-1557.036.e202430161

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Section

Festschrift in honour of Professor Antonio José Romera Valverde