“Regional blocks of ABS”: how the blockchain technology could enable a regional solution to transboundary situations

Autores

  • Dayana de Carvalho Uhdre Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP)
  • Giovanna Gruber FAE Business School

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7213/rev.dir.econ.soc.v12i3.28615

Palavras-chave:

ABS, Nagoya Protocol, transboundary situations, blockchain technology, regional solutions

Resumo

The evolution of consumption habits, in search of more natural products, increasingly requires the use of genetic resources to satisfy the demands of society. Considering that many of these resources come from transboundary species and that access to them and their use in research and technological development is primarily regulated by international ABS regimes, the article exposes some of the limits of international standards, especially the Nagoya Protocol, when dealing with these situations in particular, identifying the intention in the elaboration of the regimes. Based on this analysis, a regional solution is proposed, allied to the existing trend towards the elaboration of norms at this level of governance, in order to ensure the effectiveness of the regimes. To implement this solution, the use of blockchain technology is suggested to create distributed platforms that can serve different countries, traditional peoples and users involved in activities with genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. The technology allows for greater transparency, traceability and decentralization of data, in addition to allowing automation and cost reduction of several operations, among other attributes, although it is not free of limits, challenges and criticisms.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Dayana de Carvalho Uhdre, Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP)

PHD candidate at the Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Lisbon, Portugal). Master in Law from the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). Associate Member of BABEL-Blockchains and Artificial Intelligence for Business, Economics and Law (University of Firenze). Member of the Tax Law Commission of Paraná Bar Association. Academic Director of the Innovation and Management Committee of Paraná Bar Association. Attorney of the State of Paraná. E-mail: [email protected].

Giovanna Gruber, FAE Business School

Postgraduate in Digital Law and Technology at FAE Business School (Curitiba – PR, Brazil). Certificate of Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities from Sciences Po Paris. Bachelor’s Degree in Law from the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). Junior analyst in consultancy for ABS and the use of Brazilian biodiversity. E-mail: [email protected].

Referências

ACCENTURE. COVID-19: How consumer behavior will be changed. April 28th, 2020. Available at: https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/consumer-goods-services/coronavirus-consumer-behavior-research. Access on: August 5th, 2021.

ACCESS AND BENEFIT-SHARING CLEARING HOUSE. List of Countries. Available at: https://absch.cbd.int/countries.

ANGERER, K. et al. Submission of views in preparation for the Expert Meeting on the need for and modalities of a Global Multilateral Benefit-sharing Mechanism of the Nagoya Protocol. Collective submission of the IUCN Joint SSC-WCEL Global Specialist Group on ABS, Genetic Resources and Related Issues (ABSSG), [s.l.], [s.n.], 2015. Available at: https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb11/institute/histor/mitarbeiter/mitarb_dwnl/IUCNsubmissionArt10.pdf. Access on: August 16th, 2021.

BERRYHILL, Jamie; BOURGERY, Théo; HANSON, Angela. Blockchains Unchained: Blockchain Technology and its Use in the Public Sector. OECD Working Papers on Public Governance, Paris, No. 28, OECD Publishing, 2018. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/3c32c429-en. Access on: July 29th, 2021.

BRASIL. Tribunal de Contas da União. Levantamento da tecnologia blockchain / Tribunal de Contas da União; Relator Ministro Aroldo Cedraz. Brasília: TCU, Secretaria das Sessões (Seses), 2020. 39 p.: il. – (Sumário Executivo). Available at: https://portal.tcu.gov.br/data/files/59/02/40/6E/C4854710A7AE4547E18818A8/Blockchain_sumario_executivo.pdf. Access on: June 19th, 2021.

CONFERENCE of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Provisional Agenda for the Fifteenth Meeting in Kunming, China, 11-15 October 2021 and 25 April to 8 May 2021. CBD/COP/15/1/Rev.1,18. August, 2021. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/c678/abc2/2ff4f204cf2d46569a376d6a/cop-15-01-rev1-en.pdf. Access on: August 21th, 2021.

CONVENTION on Biological Diversity. List of Parties. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/information/parties.shtml.

CONVENTION on Biological Diversity. Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI). Global Multilateral Benefit-Sharing Mechanism (Article 10) of the Nagoya Protocol. Item 13 of the provisional agenda. Note by the Executive Secretary, CBD/SBI/3/15. [s.l.], July 13th, 2020a.

CONVENTION on Biological Diversity. Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI). Study to Identify Specific Cases of Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge Associated with Genetic Resources that Occur in Transboundary Situations or for which it is not possible to grant or obtain Prior Informed Consent. Item 13 of the provisional agenda. Note by the Executive Secretary, CBD/SBI/3/15/Add.1. [s.l.], July 13th, 2020b. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/abs/art10/2019-2020/study.shtml. Access on: August 8th, 2021.

ELBOGHDADY, Dina. ‘Clean’ beauty has taken over the cosmetics industry, but that’s about all anyone agrees on. Washington Post. [s.l], March 11th, 2020. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/clean-beauty-has-taken-over-the-cosmetics-industry-but-thats-about-all-anyone-agrees-on/2020/03/ 09/2ecfe10e-59b3-11ea-ab68-101ecfec2532_story.html. Access on: August 5th, 2021.

EUROPEAN COMISSION. Infringement - Commission takes Italy to Court for its incomplete regime of access to genetic resources. Press Release. Brussels, February 12th, 2020. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/ detail/en/IP_20_215. Access on: August 14th, 2021.

FREDRIKSSON, Martin. From Biopiracy to Bioprospecting: Negotiating the Limits of Propertization. Chapter 13. In: FREDRIKSSON, Martin; ARVANITAKIS, James (Editors). Property, Place and Piracy. London: Routledge, 2017.

FREDRIKSSON, Martin. Dilemmas of protection: decolonising the regulation of genetic resources as cultural heritage. International Journal Of Heritage Studies, [s.l.], vol. 27, no. 7, p. 720 – 733, 2021. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2020.1852295. Access on: June 10th, 2021.

GÓMEZ-MEJÍA, Alberto. The Inefficiency of the Andean Decision on access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing. In: 3rd Global Botanic Gardens Congress, [2007?]. Available at: https://www.bgci.org/files/Wuhan/PapersSustainable/GomezMejia.pdf. Access on: August 4th, 2021.

GREIBER, T. et al. An Explanatory Guide to the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, 2012. Available at: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/EPLP-083.pdf. Access on: June 8th, 2021.

HANDL, Günther. Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Declaration), 1972 and The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992. [s.1.], Historic Archives, United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, 2012.

KANE, Ethan. Is Blockchain a General Purpose Technology? [s.l.], SSRN, Elsevier, 2017. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2932585. Access on: July 30th, 2021.

KIER, G. et al. A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. PNAS, [s.l.], vol. 106, no. 23, p. 9322–9327, June 9th, 2009. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810306106. Access on: August 12th, 2021.

LATHAM, Katherine. Has coronavirus made us more ethical consumers? BBC News. [s.l.], January 14th, 2021. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55630144. Access on: August 7th, 2021.

MARTINS, Barbara. Trends in natural Beauty. In-Cosmetics Connect, [s.l.], June 19th, 2018. Available at: https://connect.in-cosmetics.com/news-category/trends-in-natural-beauty/. Access on: August 3rd, 2021.

MORGERA, Elisa. Study On Experiences Gained with the Development and Implementation of The Nagoya Protocol and Other Multilateral Mechanisms and the Potential Relevance of Ongoing Work Undertaken by Other Processes, Including Case Studies. Expert Group Meeting On Article 10 Of The Nagoya Protocol On Access And Benefit-Sharing. UNEP/CBD/ABS/A10/EM/2016/1/2. December 22nd, 2015.

MORGERA, Elisa; TSIOUMANI, Elsa; BUCK, Matthias. Unraveling the Nagoya Protocol: A Commentary on the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Volume 2. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2015. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76vvq. Access on: July 10th, 2021.

OECD. The Tokenisation of Assets and Potential Implications for Financial Markets. OECD Blockchain Policy Series, 2020. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/finance/The-Tokenisation-of-Assets-and-Potential-Implications-for-Financial-Markets.pdf. Access on: July 13th, 2021.

SCHMIDLEHNER, Michael F. Blockchain and Smart Contracts: Capital’s Latest Attempts to Seize Life on Earth. World Rainforest Movement. January 13th, 2020. Available at: https://wrm.org.uy/articles-from-the-wrm-bulletin/section1/blockchain-and-smart-contracts-capitals-latest-attempts-to-seize-life-on-earth/. Access on: June 28th, 2021.

SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY. Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of their Utilization. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2002.

SEDLMEIR, J. et al. The Energy Consumption of Blockchain Technology: Beyond Myth. Bus Inf Syst Eng, [s.l.], vol. 62, no. 6, p. 599-608, 2020. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-020-00656-x. Access on: August 10th, 2021.

UNDP-GEF GLOBAL ABS PROJECT. Presentation of Pilot Project to test Blockchain Technology on ABS (Webinar). June 24th, 2021a. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMKAJHE3WPs. Access on: June 29th, 2021.

UNDP-GEF GLOBAL ABS PROJECT. A pilot to improve genetic resources traceability through blockchain technology launched by the UNDP GEF Global ABS Project. February 24th, 2021b. Available at: https://abs-sustainabledevelopment.net/story/a-pilot-to-improve-genetic-resources-traceability-through-blockchain-technology-by-the-undp-gef-global-abs-project/. Access on: June 20th, 2021.

UN ENVIRONMENT WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE. Access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing: a review of existing frameworks. Cambridge (UK): UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2019. Available at: https://www.unep-wcmc.org/system/comfy/cms/files/files/000/001/579/original/Access_to_genetic_resources_and_benefit_sharing_a_review_of_existing_frameworks.pdf. Access on: August 10th, 2021.

UNITED NATIONS. Convention on Biological Diversity. 1760 U.N.T.S. 79, Can TS No 24, 31 ILM 818. June 5th, 1992.

UNITED NATIONS. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. 2001.

UNITED NATIONS. Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity: text and annex. K3488 .A48 2011. October 29th, 2010.

VERON, S. et al. Distribution and relative age of endemism across islands worldwide. Scientific Reports, Nature Research, vol. 9, Article number 11693, 2019. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47951-6. Access on: August 12th, 2021.

Downloads

Publicado

2021-12-30

Como Citar

DE CARVALHO UHDRE, D.; GRUBER, G. “Regional blocks of ABS”: how the blockchain technology could enable a regional solution to transboundary situations. Revista de Direito Econômico e Socioambiental, Curitiba, v. 12, n. 3, p. 491–520, 2021. DOI: 10.7213/rev.dir.econ.soc.v12i3.28615. Disponível em: https://periodicos.pucpr.br/direitoeconomico/article/view/28615. Acesso em: 3 dez. 2024.

Edição

v. 12 n. 3 (2021): setembro/dezembro

Seção

Artigos

Licença

Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:

  1. Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
  2. Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
  3. Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).