Satan the Spy and Accuser, from Persian Imperialism to the Hebrew Bible

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7213/2175-1838.17.003.DS07

Keywords:

Satã, Aquemênidas, Jó 1-2, Zacarias 3,1-3, 1Crônicas 21,1

Abstract

This article analyzes the term Satan in the Hebrew Bible, as “the adversary,” in the context of Achaemenid Persian rule over the province of Judah, and its consequences for the origin and evolution of the biblical concept. The analysis focuses on three biblical passages. In the First (Job 1:6-12; 2:1-7), Satan, between the heavenly court and the earth, spies on Job's integrity. In the second (Zech 3:1-3), he appears as the accuser, between the angel of Yhwh and the high priest Joshua. In the third (1 Chronicles 21:1), the only case in which Satan appears without an article, as a proper noun, replacing “the wrath of Yhwh” (2 Samuel 24:1) against Israel, he induces David to take a census. The hypothesis is that the figure of Satan is inspired by the administrative system of the Persian court, identified with the character who represented the “eye of the king” or “spy,” accusing those who acted in rebellion. The aim is to demonstrate the Persian influence on the biblical concept of Satan, originally as an accusing human being in a political context, who later assumes the theological characteristic of a celestial being, an enemy of God. This leads to a discussion about Persian influence on the demonology of Judaism and Christianity, at the levels of Persian politics, the religion of Zoroastrianism, and Jewish theology.

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Author Biography

Valmor da Silva, PUC-Goiás

Master in Biblical Theology (Pontifical Gregorian University) and in Biblical Exegesis (Pontifical Biblical Institute). Doctor in Religious Sciences (UMESP). Post-Doctorate in Theology (Jesuit Faculty). Full Professor of the Stricto Sensu Postgraduate Program in Religious Sciences at PUC Goiás.

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Published

2025-12-09

How to Cite

da Silva, V. (2025). Satan the Spy and Accuser, from Persian Imperialism to the Hebrew Bible. Pistis Praxis, 17(3), 476–486. https://doi.org/10.7213/2175-1838.17.003.DS07