País ou marca: influências na intenção de compra
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7213/rebrae.06.003.AO01Palabras clave:
País de origem, Marca, Comportamento do consumidor.Resumen
O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar o impacto de aspectos relativos a país de origem e marca na intenção de compra do consumidor. A literatura é extensa na análise dos possíveis efeitos do país de origem de um produto na intenção de compra pelo consumidor, mas, em raros desses estudos, a marca é levada em consideração. O país e a marca estudados foram cuidadosamente selecionados, pois os Estados Unidos provocam sentimentos conflitantes e a marca Apple é conhecida e admirada. A revisão teórica incluiu imagem e afinidade com o país, personalidade e conexão do self com a marca. Foi realizada uma survey com 367 estudantes e aplicado o modelo de equações estruturais para analisar os impactos. Os resultados indicam que a relação consumidor-marca revelou força e significância maior do que outros constructos, apontando que, para a intenção de compra, é mais importante como o consumidor se vê em relação à marca do que suas atitudes com relação ao país.Descargas
Citas
AAKER, D. A. Managing brand equity: capitalizing on the value of a brand name. New York: Free Press; Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan Canada; New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, c1991.
AAKER, J. Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, v. 34, n. 3, p. 347-356, 1997.
AL GANIDEH, S. F.; AL TAEE, H. Examining consumer ethnocentrism amongst Jordanians from an ethnic group perspective. International Journal of Marketing Studies, v. 4, n. 1, p. 48-57, 2012. doi:10.5539/ijms.v4n1p48
AL-SULAITI, K. I.; BAKER, M. J. Country of origin effects: a literature review. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, v. 16, n. 3, p. 150-199, 1998.
AUSTIN, J. R.; SIGUAW, J. A.; MATTILA, A. S. A re-examination of the generalizability of the Aaker brand personality measurement framework. Journal of Strategic Marketing, v. 11, p. 77-92, 2003.
AYROSA, E. A. T. Imagem de país: uma escala para avaliar atitudes relativas a países. In: ENCONTRO ANUAL DA ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO, 22.,1998, Foz do Iguaçú. Anais... Rio de Janeiro: EnANPAD, 1998.
AYROSA, E. A. T. Validation of a scale to measure country image in Brazil. In: BALAS - The Business Association of Latin American Studies Annual Conference, 2002, São Paulo. Proceedings… São Paulo: [s.n.], 2002. CD-ROM.
AZOULAY, A.; KAPFERER, J. N. Do brand personality scales really measure brand personality? Journal of Brand Management, v. 11, n. 2, p. 143-155, 2003. doi:10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540162
BALABANIS, G.; DIAMANTOPOULOS, A. Gains and losses from the misperception of brand origin: the role of brand strength and country-of-origin image. Journal of International Marketing, v. 19, n. 2, p. 95-116, 2011. doi:10.1509/jimk.19.2.95BALL, A. D.;
TASAKI, L. H. The role and measurement of attachment in consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer
Psychology, v. 1, n. 2, p. 155-172, 1992. doi:10.1016/S1057-7408(08)80055-1 CHATTOPADHYAY, T.; SHIVANI, S.; KRISHNAN, M. Marketing mix elements influencing brand equity and brand choice.
VIKALPA, v. 35, n. 3, p. 67-84, 2010.
DIAMANTOPOULOS, A.; SCHLEGELMILCH, B.; PALIHAWADANA, D. The relationship between country-oforigin image and brand image as drivers of purchase intentions: a test of alternative perspectives. International Marketing Review, v. 28, n. 5, p. 508-524, 2011.
ESCALAS, J. E.; BETTMAN, J. R. You are what they eat: the influence of reference groups on consumer connections to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, v. 13, n. 3, p.339-48, 2003. doi:10.1108/02651331111167624
FOURNIER, S. Consumers and their brands: developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, v. 24, p. 343-373, 1998.
GEUENS, M.; WEIJTERS, B.; DE WULF, K. A new measure of brand personality. International Journal of Research in Marketing, v. 26, n. 2, p. 97-107, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2008.12.002
GIRALDI, J. M. E.; CARVALHO, D. T. A imagem do Brasil no exterior e sua influência nas intenções de compra. RACEletrônica, Curitiba, v. 3, n. 1, p. 22-40, 2009.
GREENWALD, A. G. A social-cognitive account of the self’s development. In: LAPSLEY, D. K.; POWER, F. C. (Ed.). Self, ego, and identity: integrative approaches. New York: Springer-Verlag, c1988. p. 30-42.
HAIR JR., J. F. et al. Análise multivariada de dados. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2009.
HOFFMANN, S.; MAI, R.; SMIRNOVA, M. Development and validation of a cross-nationally stable scale of consumer animosity. Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice, v.19, n. 2, p. 235-252, 2011.
HUFFMAN, C.; RATNESHWAR, S.; MICK, D. G. Consumer goal structures and goal-determination processes: an integrative framework. In: RATNESHWAR, S.; MICK, D. G.; HUFFMAN, C. (Ed.). The why of consumption: contemporary perspectives on consumer motives, goals, and desires. London; New York: Routledge, 2000. p. 9-35.
HWANG, H. et al. A comparative study on parameter recovery of three approaches to structural equation modeling. Journal of Marketing Research, v. 47, n. 4, p. 699-712, 2010.
INTERBRAND. Ranking of the Top 100 Brands. 2011. Disponível em: <http://www.interbrand.com/en/bestglobal-brands/best-global-brands-2008/best-globalbrands-2011.aspx>. Acesso em: 31 jan. 2012.
JAFFE, E. D.; NEBENZAHL, I. D. It’s all in the eyes of the consumer. In: JAFFE, E. D. National image and competitive advantage: the theory and practice of country-of-origin effect.Copenhagen: Narayana Press, 2006. p. 79-109.
JARVIS, C. B.; MACKENZIE, S. B.; PODSAKOFF, P. M. A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, v. 30, n. 2, p. 199-218,2003. doi:10.1086/376806
KAPFERER, J. N. The new strategic brand management: creating and sustaining brand equity long term. London; Philadelphia: Kogan Page, 2008.
KELLER, K. L. Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, v. 57, n. 1, p. 1-22, 1993.
KLEIN, J. G.; ETTENSON, R.; MORRIS, M. D. The animosity model of foreign product purchase: an empirical test in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Marketing, v. 62, n. 1, p. 89-100, 1998.
KLEINE III, R. E.; KLEINE, S. S.; KERNAN, J. B. Mundane consumption and the self: a social-identity perspective. Journal of Consumer Psychology, v. 2, n. 3, p. 209-235, 1993.
LARSEN, J. T.; MCGRAW, A. P.; CACIOPPO, J. T. Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, v. 81, n. 4, p. 684-696, 2001.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.684
MAGNUSSON, P.; WESTJOHN, S. A.; ZDRAVKOVIC, S. “What? I thought Samsung was Japanese”: accurate or not, perceived country of origin matters. International Marketing Review, v. 28, n. 5, p. 454-472, 2011. doi:10.1108/02651331111167589
MAHER, A. A.; CARTER, L. L. The affective and cognitive componentes of country image: perceptions of American products in Kuwait. International Marketing Review, v. 28, n. 6, p. 559-580, 2011. doi:10.1108/02651331111181411
MAHER, A. A.; CLARK, P.; MAHER, A. International consumer admiration and the persistence of animosity. Journal of Consumer Marketing, v. 27, n. 5, p. 414-424, 2010. doi:10.1108/07363761011063312
MARTIN, D. Rebuilding brand America: what we must do to restore our reputation and safeguard the future of American business abroad. New York: American Management Association, c2007.
NIJSSEN, E. J.; DOUGLAS, S. P. Examining the animosity model in a country with a high level of foreign trade. International Journal of Research in Marketing, v. 21, n. 1, p. 23-38, 2004. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.05.001
OBERECKER, E. M.; DIAMANTOPOULOS, A. Consumers’ emotional bonds with foreign countries: does consumer affinity affect behavioral intentions? Journal of International Marketing, v. 19, n. 2, p. 45-72, 2011. doi:10.1509/jimk.19.2.45
OBERECKER, E. M.; RIEFLER, P.; DIAMANTOPOULOS, A. The consumer affinity construct: conceptualization, qualitative investigation, and research agenda. Journal of International Marketing, v. 16, n. 3, p. 23-56, 2008. doi:10.1509/jimk.16.3.23
PECOTICH, A.; WARD, S. Global branding, country of origin and expertise: an experimental evaluation. International Marketing Review, v. 24, n. 3, p. 271-296, 2007. doi:10.1108/02651330710755294
PUTREVU, S.; LORD, K. R. Comparative and noncomparative advertising: attitudinal effects under cognitive and affective involvement conditions. Journal of Advertising, v.23, n. 2, p. 77-90, 1994.
RIEFLER, P.; DIAMANTOPOULOS, A. Consumer animosity: a literature review and a reconsideration of its measurement. International Marketing Review, v. 24, n. 1, p. 87- 119, 2007.
doi:10.1108/02651330710727204
RUSSELL, C. A.; RUSSELL, D. W.; KLEIN, J. Ambivalence toward a country and consumers’ willingness to buy emblematic brands: the differential predictive validity of objective and subjective ambivalence measures on behavior. Marketing Letters, v. 22, n. 4, p. 357-371, 2011. doi:10.1007/s11002-010-9129-7
SAMIEE, S. Advancing the country image construct - a commentary essay. Journal of Business Research, v. 63, n. 4, p. 442-445, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.12.012
SAMIEE, S. Resolving the impasse regarding research on the origins of products and brands. International Marketing Review, v. 28, n. 5, p. 473-485, 2011. doi:10.1108/02651331111167598
SAMIEE, S.; SHIMP, T. A.; SHARMA, S. Brand origin recognition accuracy: its antecedents and consumers’ cognitive limitations. Journal of International Business Studies, v. 36, n. 4, p. 379-397, 2005. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400145
SANKARAN, K.; DEMANGEOT, C. On becoming a culturally plural consumer. Journal of Consumer Marketing, v. 28, n. 7, p. 540-549, 2011. doi:10.1108/07363761111181536 SCHERMELLEH-ENGEL, K.; MOOSBRUGGER, H.; MÜLLER, H. Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance
and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, v. 8, n. 2, p. 23-74, 2003.
SCHOOLER, R. D. Product Bias in the Central American common market. Journal of Marketing Research, v. 2, n. 4, p. 394-397, 1965.
SCHWEIG, C.; SILVEIRA, T. ‘I love a foreign country!’: a afinidade com um país estrangeiro e seus reflexos sobre o comportamento do consumidor. In: ENCONTRO DE MARKETING DA ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL DE PÓSGRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO – EMA, 4., 2010, Florianópolis, Anais... Florianópolis: ANPAD, 2010.
SEMPRINI, A. A marca pós-moderna: poder e fragilidade da marca na sociedade contemporânea. São Paulo: Estação das Letras e Cores, 2010.
SILVA, J. F. S. Modelagem de equações estruturais: apresentação de uma metodologia. 2006. 105 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção) – Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2006.
SMIT, E. G.; BERGE, E. V. D.; FRANZEN, G. Brands are just like real people! The development of SWOCC’s brand personality scale. In: HANSEN, F.; CHRISTENSEN, L. B. (Ed.). Branding and advertising. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press, 2002. p. 22-43.
STREHLAU, V. I.; PONCHIO, M. C.; RIEGEL, V. País de origem e etnocentrismo na avaliação da imagem de marca global: um estudo sobre o McDonald’s. Internext – Revista Eletrônica de Negócios Internacionais da ESPM, v. 5, n. 2, p. 23-45, 2010.
USUNIER, J.-C. Relevance in business research: the case of country-of-origin research in marketing. European Management Review, v. 3, p. 60-73, 2006. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.emr.1500049
USUNIER, J.-C. The shift from manufacturing to brand origin: suggestions for improving COO relevance.
International Marketing Review, v. 28, n. 5, p. 486-496, 2011. doi: 10.1108/02651331111167606
VERLEGH, P. W. J. Country-of-origin effects on consumer product evaluations. 2001. 136 f. Dissertation.
Wageningen, the Netherlands, Wageningen University, 2001. Disponível em: <http://edepot.wur.nl/139407>. Acesso em: 19 mar. 2011.
VERLEGH, P. W. J.; STEENKAMP, J.-B. E. M. A review and meta-analysis of country-of-origin research. Journal of Economic Psychology, v. 20, p. 521-546, 1999.
WANG, S. Online or paper: does delivery affect results? Administration mode comparability study for Stanford diagnostic reading and mathematics tests. Pearson’s Psychometrics and Research Services, 2004. Disponível em: <http://images.pearsonassessments.com/images/tmrs/tmrs_rg/OnlineorPaper.pdf?WT.mc_id=TMRS_Online_or_Paper_Does_Delivery_Affect>. Acesso em: 19 mar. 2011.
WANG, X.; YANG, Z. Does country-of-origin matter in the relationship between brand personality and purchase intention in emerging economies?: evidence from China’s auto industry. International Marketing Review, v. 25, n. 4, p. 458-474, 2008. doi: 10.1108/02651330810887495
ZEUGNER-ROTH, K. P.; DIAMANTOPOULOS, A. Advancing the country image construct. Journal of Business Research, v. 62, n. 7, p. 726-740, 2009.
ZEUGNER-ROTH, K.; DIAMANTOPOULOS, A. Advancing the country image construct: reply to Samiee’s (2009) commentary. Journal of Business Research, v. 63, n. 4, p. 446-449, 2010.