Head and neck lymphedema: what is the physical therapy approach? A literature review

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Introduction: Head and neck lymphedema is considered a chronic and complex complication with potential to cause physical, functional, emotional and social impairment. Objective: To identify the approaches to physical therapy used to treat head and neck cancer-related lymphedema. Method: A bibliographic search was conducted in February and March 2012 in books and electronic databases, LILACS, MEDLINE, SCIELO, Cochrane, PEDro, and BDTD using the following keywords: lymphedema, treatment, head and neck cancer, and physical therapy connected by the Boolean operator AND without a specific time frame. Results and discussion: Early diagnosis and assessment is key to properly managing and effectively treating lymphedema. Diagnosis is reached through clinical history and physical assessment by measuring the distance between two anatomical landmarks, circumference measures, and lymphedema rating scales. Complex decongestive therapy, which includes manual lymph drainage, compressive bandaging, kinesiotherapy and skin care, is the technique most frequently used and currently considered to be the gold standard. Conclusions: No consensus is reported in the literature in regard to a standard procedure to assess and treat head and neck cancer-related lymphedema. Assessments and treatments described in the literature are mainly restricted to the limbs; therefore, further studies are needed to support effective clinical actions in the physical therapy approach to this condition.