Building form and energy efficiency in tropical climates: A case study of Penang, Malaysia
Palavras-chave:
Passive design. building form. shading. energy simulation. daylightingResumo
Malaysia is a nation that has undergone a massive development based on its abundance of fuel supply. The imbalance ratio between gross domestic products and energy demand clearly indicates the need to promote energy-efficiency strategies in the country. This study investigates the relationship between building shape and energy consumption by considering the control of excessive solar radiation in a tropical climate. In the first step, four basic plan geometries, namely, square, rectangle, triangle and circle shapes, are studied to determine the optimal building shape in terms of energy consumption in Penang, Malaysia. Results of simulation analysis using DesignBuilder software (Version 5.4.0) reveal that the circle is the most suitable form in terms of energy performance. In the second step, all buildings with extended shapes based on the optimal shape obtained from the first step are simulated under the same condition to analyse the thermal behaviour of different building forms. Amongst four alternative extended cases, Case 3 with 90 cm depth and without vertical offset from the top of the window has superior energy performance and sufficient natural daylight. This study contributes to enhance energy efficiency of new buildings by incorporating design strategies in the design process.
Downloads
Referências
Abu Bakar, N. N., Hassan, M. Y., Abdullah, H., Rahman, H. A., Abdullah, M. P., Hussin, F., & Bandi, M. (2015). Energy efficiency index as an indicator for measuring building energy performance: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.018.
Ahn, Y., & Sohn, D.-W. (2019). The effect of neighbourhood-level urban form on residential building energy use: A GIS-based model using building energy benchmarking data in Seattle. Energy and Buildings, 196, 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.018.
Aksoy, U. T., & Inalli, M. (2006). Impacts of some building passive design parameters on heating demand for a cold region. Building and environment, 41(12), 1742-1754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.011.
Alhuwayil, W. K., Mujeebu, M. A., & Algarny, A. M. M. (2019). Impact of external shading strategy on energy performance of multi-story hotel building in hot-humid climate. Energy, 169, 1166-1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.069.
Atan, A., & Ibrahim, N. L. N. (2019). Daylight simulation of different light well types in single story terrace houses. Alam Cipta, 12(1), 2-7.
Ballarini, I., De Luca, G., Paragamyan, A., Pellegrino, A., & Corrado, V. (2019). Transformation of an office building into a nearly zero energy building (nZEB): Implications for thermal and visual comfort and energy performance. Energies, 12(5), 895.
Biyik, E., & Kahraman, A. (2019). A predictive control strategy for optimal management of peak load, thermal comfort, energy storage and renewables in multi-zone buildings. Journal of Building Engineering, 25, 100826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100826.
Bostancioğlu, E. (2010). Effect of building shape on a residential building's construction, energy and life cycle costs. Architectural Science Review, 53(4), 441-467.
Capeluto, I. G. (2003). Energy performance of the self-shading building envelope. Energy and Buildings, 35(3), 327-336.
Carnieletto, L., Badenes, B., Belliardi, M., Bernardi, A., Graci, S., Emmi, G., Urchueguía, J.F., Zarrella, A., Di Bella, A., Dalla Santa, G., Galgaro, A., Mezzasalma, G., & De Carli, M. (2019). A European Database of Building Energy Profiles to Support the Design of Ground Source Heat Pumps. Energies, 12(13), 2496.
Chan, A. P., & Adabre, M. A. (2019). Bridging the gap between sustainable housing and affordable housing: The required critical success criteria (CSC). Building and environment, 151, 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.01.029.
Chan, A., & Chow, T. (2014). Thermal performance of air-conditioned office buildings constructed with inclined walls in different climates in China. Applied Energy, 114, 45-57.
Chel, A., & Kaushik, G. (2018). Renewable energy technologies for sustainable development of energy efficient building. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(2), 655-669.
Daghigh, R. (2015). Assessing the thermal comfort and ventilation in Malaysia and the surrounding regions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 48, 681-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.017.
D'Amico, A., Ciulla, G., Panno, D., & Ferrari, S. (2019). Building energy demand assessment through heating degree days: The importance of a climatic dataset. Applied Energy, 242, 1285-1306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.167.
Dascher, K. (2019). Function follows form. Journal of Housing Economics, 44, 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2018.08.003.
Dogan, T., & Park, Y. C. (2017). A new framework for residential daylight performance evaluation. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 15th IBPSA Conference, (p. 170-178). San Francisco, USA.
Energy Malaysia. (2017). Energy in Malaysia: Towards a Brighter Future (Vol. 12). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Energy Commission.
EnergyPlus. (2019). US Department of Energy. Retrieved on January 7, 2019, from www.energyplus.net
Falasca, S., Ciancio, V., Salata, F., Golasi, I., Rosso, F., & Curci, G. (2019). High albedo materials to counteract heat waves in cities: An assessment of meteorology, buildings energy needs and pedestrian thermal comfort. Building and environment, 163, 106242.
Florides, G. A., Tassou, S. A., Kalogirou, S. A., & Wrobel, L. (2002). Measures used to lower building energy consumption and their cost effectiveness. Applied Energy, 73(3-4), 299-328.
Hafner, R. J., Elmes, D., & Read, D. (2019). Promoting behavioural change to reduce thermal energy demand in households: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 102, 205-214.
Hosseini, S. E., & Wahid, M. A. (2013). Feasibility study of biogas production and utilization as a source of renewable energy in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, 454-462.
Inanici, M. N., & Demirbilek, F. N. (2000). Thermal performance optimization of building aspect ratio and south window size in five cities having different climatic characteristics of Turkey. Building and environment, 35(1), 41–52.
IRENA. (2018). IRENA. (2018). Renewable Energy Market Analysis: Southeast Asia. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Retrieved on April 1, 2019, from www.irena.org
Kannan, T., Lork, C., Tushar, W., Yuen, C., Wong, N. C., & Tai, S. (2019). Energy Management Strategy for Zone Cooling Load Demand Reduction with Occupancy Thermal Comfort Margin. Paper presented at the 2019 IEEE PES GTD Grand International Conference and Exposition Asia (GTD Asia) (p. 247-252), Bangkok, Thailand: IEEE.
Kheiri, F. (2018). A review on optimization methods applied in energy-efficient building geometry and envelope design. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 92, 897-920.
Khuong, P. M., McKenna, R., & Fichtner, W. (2019). Analyzing drivers of renewable energy development in Southeast Asia countries with correlation and decomposition methods. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213, 710-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.192.
Kubota, T., Rijal, H. B., & Takaguchi, H. (2018). Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia. Singapore: Springer.
Laine, H. S., Salpakari, J., Looney, E. E., Savin, H., Peters, I. M., & Buonassisi, T. (2019). Meeting global cooling demand with photovoltaics during the 21st century. Energy & Environmental Science, 12, 2706-2716. DOI: 10.1039/c9ee00002j.
Levesque, A., Pietzcker, R. C., & Luderer, G. (2019). Halving energy demand from buildings: The impact of low consumption practices. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 253-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.04.025.
Levesque, A., Pietzcker, R. C., Baumstark, L., De Stercke, S., Grübler, A., & Luderer, G. (2018). How much energy will buildings consume in 2100? A global perspective within a scenario framework. Energy, 148, 514-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.139.
Ludin, N. A., Junedi, M. M., Affandi, N. A. A., Ibrahim, M. A., Sopian, K., Teridi, M. A. M., Sepeai, S., Su’ait, M. S., & Haw, L. C. (2019). Energy efficiency action plan for a public hospital in Malaysia. Alam Cipta, 12(Special Issue 1), 73-79.
Luo, Y., Zhang, L., Bozlar, M., Liu, Z., Guo, H., & Meggers, F. (2019). Active building envelope systems toward renewable and sustainable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 104, 470-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.005.
Mauree, D., Naboni, E., Coccolo, S., Perera, A., Nik, V. M., & Scartezzini, J.-L. (2019). A review of assessment methods for the urban environment and its energy sustainability to guarantee climate adaptation of future cities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 112, 733-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.005.
McKeen, P., & Fung, A. (2014). The effect of building aspect ratio on energy efficiency: A case study for multi-unit residential buildings in Canada. Buildings, 4(3), 336-354.
Mirrahimi, S., Mohamed, M. F., Haw, L. C., Ibrahim, N. L. N., Yusoff, W. F. M., & Aflaki, A. (2016). The effect of building envelope on the thermal comfort and energy saving for high-rise buildings in hot–humid climate. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1508-1519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.055.
Muhammad-Sukki, F., Munir, A. B., Ramirez-Iniguez, R., Abu-Bakar, S. H., Yasin, S. H. M., McMeekin, S. G., & Stewart, B. G. (2012). Solar photovoltaic in Malaysia: the way forward. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(7), 5232-5244.
Nedhal, A.-T., Syed, F. S. F., & Adel, A. (2016). Relationship between window-to-floor area ratio and single-point daylight factor in varied residential rooms in Malaysia. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(33), 22-30.
NEEAP. (2015). National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP). Putrajaya: Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Retrieved on March 3, 2019, from https://www.mestecc.gov.my/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/13.-National-Energy-Efficiency-Action-Plan-english-only.pdf.
Neymark, J., Kennedy, M., Judkoff, R., Gall, J., Henninger, R., Hong, T., ... & Zhou, X. (2017). Airside HVAC BESTEST: HVAC Air-Distribution System Model Test Cases for ASHRAE Standard 140. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 15th IBPSA Conference, (p. 644-653). San Francisco, USA.
Nikpour, M., Kandar, M. Z., & Mosavi, E. (2013). Investigating daylight quality using self-shading strategy in energy commission building in Malaysia. Indoor and Built Environment, 22(5), 822-835.
Pacheco, R., Ordóñez, J., & Martínez, G. (2012). Energy efficient design of building: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(6), 3559-3573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.045.
Pathirana, S., Rodrigo, A., & Halwatura, R. (2019). Effect of building shape, orientation, window to wall ratios and zones on energy efficiency and thermal comfort of naturally ventilated houses in tropical climate. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 10(1), 107-120.
Patil, K., Kaushik, S., & Aggarwal, A. (2020). Evaluation of Natural Ventilation Potential for Indoor Thermal Comfort in a Low-Rise Building in Arid and Semi-arid Climates of India. In Zhang G., Kaushika N., Kaushik S., & Tomar R. (Eds.), Advances in Energy and Built Environment (Vol. 36, pp. 203-221). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7557-6_18. In Advances in Energy and Built Environment (p. 203-221): Springer.
Qahtan, A. M. (2019). Thermal performance of a double-skin façade exposed to direct solar radiation in the tropical climate of Malaysia: A case study. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 14, 100419.
Ricciu, R., Galatioto, A., Desogus, G., & Besalduch, L. (2018). Uncertainty in the evaluation of the Predicted Mean Vote index using Monte Carlo analysis. Journal of environmental management, 223, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.005.
Rodrigues, E., Fernandes, M. S., Gaspar, A. R., Gomes, Á., & Costa, J. J. (2019). Thermal transmittance effect on energy consumption of Mediterranean buildings with different thermal mass. Applied Energy, 252, 113437.
Sanaieian, H., Tenpierik, M., van den Linden, K., Seraj, F. M., & Shemrani, S. M. M. (2014). Review of the impact of urban block form on thermal performance, solar access and ventilation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 551-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.06.007.
Schiefelbein, J., Rudnick, J., Scholl, A., Remmen, P., Fuchs, M., & Müller, D. (2019). Automated urban energy system modeling and thermal building simulation based on OpenStreetMap data sets. Building and environment, 149, 630-639.
SEDA. (2019). Overview of Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA). Putrajaya: SEDA. Retrieved on May 18, 2019, from www.seda.gov.my.
Shaikh, P. H., Nor, N. B. M., Sahito, A. A., Nallagownden, P., Elamvazuthi, I., & Shaikh, M. (2017). Building energy for sustainable development in Malaysia: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 1392-1403.
Sharif, S. A., & Hammad, A. (2019). Simulation-based multi-objective optimization of institutional building renovation considering energy consumption, life-cycle cost and life-cycle assessment. Journal of Building Engineering, 21, 429-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.11.006.
Soonmin, H., Abraham, L., Okoroigwe, E. C., & Urrego, L. R. (2019). Investigation of Solar Energy: The Case Study in Malaysia, Indonesia, Colombia and Nigeria. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 9(1), 86-95.
Sorrell, S. (2015). Reducing energy demand: A review of issues, challenges and approaches. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.002.
St. Clair, P., & Hyde, R. (2009). Towards a new model for climate responsive design at the university of the sunshine coast chancellery. Journal of green building, 4(3), 3-20.
Sulaiman, S. A. (2019). Strategy for Cooling of Computing Data Center Facilities. In Sulaiman S. (Ed.), Sustainable Thermal Power Resources Through Future Engineering (p. 73-84). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2968-5_6.
Susan, M. Y., & Prihatmanti, R. (2017). Daylight characterisation of classrooms in heritage school buildings. Planning Malaysia: Journal of The Malaysian Institute of Planners, 15, 209.
Susca, T. (2019). Green roofs to reduce building energy use? A review on key structural factors of green roofs and their effects on urban climate. Building and environment, 162, 106273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106273.
Toparlar, Y., Blocken, B., Maiheu, B., & Van Heijst, G. (2017). A review on the CFD analysis of urban microclimate. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1613-1640.
United Nations. (2018). 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations: New York. Retrieved on July 15, 2019, from https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html
Wang, W., Rivard, H., & Zmeureanu, R. (2006). Floor shape optimization for green building design. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 20(4), 363-378.
Zhang, J., Xu, L., Shabunko, V., Tay, S. E. R., Sun, H., Lau, S. S. Y., & Reindl, T. (2019). Impact of urban block typology on building solar potential and energy use efficiency in tropical high-density city. Applied Energy, 240, 513-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.033.
